Parser

Holland // et al //. (1993) define parsers as NLP engines that compose and decompose natural language utterances by using the rules which represent syntax thus addressing the sentence structures in a language.

over a decade ago, Matthews (1993) compiled a list of eight parsers

most commonly used in CALL, which included:

(1) Various Augmented Phrase Structure frameworks, including Definite

Clause Grammar (DCG).

(2) Augmented Transition Networks (ATN).

(3) Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG).

(4) Systemic Grammar.

(5) Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG).

(6) Incremental Procedure Grammar (IPG).

(7) Word Grammar.

(8) Preference Semantics.